15 pays sans carte d'identité obligatoire

Canada

No national ID card, but banking is tightly reported.

New Zealand

Remote and liberal, but a Five Eyes member.

United Kingdom

No ID card, but Europe’s densest CCTV and anti-encryption pressure.

Australia

Assistance and Access Act compels decryption help.

United States

Strong speech protections, weak data law, worldwide tax reporting.

Ireland

EU data-protection hub, high housing costs.

Switzerland

Strong secrecy tradition, cash-friendly, expensive.

Iceland

Constitutional push for data havens, tiny population.

Namibia

Empty spaces, free press, thin services.

Liechtenstein

Banking privacy and a blockchain act, almost impossible to move to.

South Africa

Free press and independent courts, undercut by high crime and power cuts.

Costa Rica

No army, strong civil liberties, rising prices.

Curaçao

Dutch legal safety with Caribbean distance.

Cape Verde

Africa’s quiet democracy: islands, low surveillance, slow internet.

Andorra

Tiny, discreet, low tax, hard to get residency.